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university:courses:engineering_discovery:lab_11 [19 Oct 2016 17:28] – [Procedure] Jonathan Pearsonuniversity:courses:engineering_discovery:lab_11 [19 Oct 2016 21:12] – [Procedure] Jonathan Pearson
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 The current gain and low output impedance of the emitter-follower amplifier make it ideal for driving low impedance loads, which may be DC- or AC-coupled.  Many amplifiers are designed with emitter-follower output stages placed after voltage gain stages.  In this lab we design, build, and evaluate a single Class A emitter-follower amplifier, then place it after the CE amplifier used in the Class A NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier lab in a DC-coupled fashion to illustrate how it can be used to drive an AC-coupled load much heavier than the 1 KΩ load used in that lab, and that it eliminates the gain loss due to the loading of the high output resistance of the CE stage.  An example of how an emitter-follower stage can be added to an operational amplifier "inside the loop" to drive a low impedance loudspeaker is shown in the "Audio Amplifier with Electret Microphone" lab. The current gain and low output impedance of the emitter-follower amplifier make it ideal for driving low impedance loads, which may be DC- or AC-coupled.  Many amplifiers are designed with emitter-follower output stages placed after voltage gain stages.  In this lab we design, build, and evaluate a single Class A emitter-follower amplifier, then place it after the CE amplifier used in the Class A NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier lab in a DC-coupled fashion to illustrate how it can be used to drive an AC-coupled load much heavier than the 1 KΩ load used in that lab, and that it eliminates the gain loss due to the loading of the high output resistance of the CE stage.  An example of how an emitter-follower stage can be added to an operational amplifier "inside the loop" to drive a low impedance loudspeaker is shown in the "Audio Amplifier with Electret Microphone" lab.
 ==== Objective ==== ==== Objective ====
-To design, build, and test an emitter-follower amplifier using a 2N3904 NPN transistor, with an input resistance of at least 1 KΩ that is capable of driving an AC-coupled 47 Ω load with a V<sub>P-P</sub> sine wave.  To increase the load to 10 Ω and observe that this heavier load can still be driven, limited by the available current.  To verify that the amplifier has approximately unity gain and that the Q-point is close to its designed value.  To observe the buffering effect of the emitter follower and show how output loading is minimal as compared with a CE amplifier.  To understand and be able to calculate emitter-follower amplifier voltage gain, power gain, efficiency, and power dissipation.  To append the emitter-follower stage to the output of the CE amplifier designed in the "Class A NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier" lab in a DC-coupled fashion to show how buffers are added to voltage gain stages in order to drive low impedance loads.  Following completion of this lab you should be able to explain the basic operation of an emitter-follower amplifier, explain how negative feedback stabilizes the gain of a common-emitter amplifier, explain why output loading does not affect an emitter-follower amplifier nearly as much as a CE amplifier, and calculate the amplifier voltage gain, power gain, efficiency, and power dissipation of a Class A emitter-follower amplifier.+To design, build, and test an emitter-follower amplifier using a 2N3904 NPN transistor, with an input resistance of at least 1 KΩ that is capable of driving an AC-coupled 47 Ω load with a V<sub>P-P</sub> sine wave.  To increase the load to 10 Ω and observe that this heavier load can still be driven, limited by the available current.  To verify that the amplifier has approximately unity gain and that the Q-point is close to its designed value.  To observe the buffering effect of the emitter follower and show how output loading is minimal as compared with a CE amplifier.  To understand and be able to calculate emitter-follower amplifier voltage gain, power gain, efficiency, and power dissipation.  To append the emitter-follower stage to the output of the CE amplifier designed in the "Class A NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier" lab in a DC-coupled fashion to show how buffers are added to voltage gain stages in order to drive low impedance loads.  Following completion of this lab you should be able to explain the basic operation of an emitter-follower amplifier, explain how negative feedback stabilizes the gain of a common-emitter amplifier, explain why output loading does not affect an emitter-follower amplifier nearly as much as a CE amplifier, and calculate the amplifier voltage gain, power gain, efficiency, and power dissipation of a Class A emitter-follower amplifier.
 ==== Materials and Apparatus ==== ==== Materials and Apparatus ====
   * Data sheet handout for the 2N3904 NPN transistor   * Data sheet handout for the 2N3904 NPN transistor
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   - Disable “Repeated Sweep” mode; waveforms can be paused for analysis   - Disable “Repeated Sweep” mode; waveforms can be paused for analysis
   - Set up the M1K to source voltage/measure current on Channel A and measure voltage on Channel B   - Set up the M1K to source voltage/measure current on Channel A and measure voltage on Channel B
-  - Set up Channel A source waveform for a 100 Hz “Sine” output that swings between 2.V and of 4.+  - Set up Channel A source waveform for a 500 Hz “Sine” output that swings between 2.V and 3.
-  - Observe the output voltage into the 1 KΩ load resistor on Channel B and verify that it is swinging nominally +/- V about the 2.5 V baseline and that it is in-phase with the input signal +  - Observe the output voltage into the 47 Ω load resistor on Channel B and verify that it is swinging nominally +/- 0.5 V about the 2.5 V baseline and that it is in-phase with the input signal 
-  - Observe the voltage at the emitter on Channel B and verify that it is swinging nominally +/- V about a 1.7 V bias voltage and that it is also in-phase with the input signal.  Note that these voltages may vary somewhat due to resistor tolerances+  - Observe the voltage at the emitter on Channel B and verify that it is swinging nominally +/- 0.5 V about a 1.7 V bias voltage and that it is also in-phase with the input signal.  Note that these bias voltages may vary somewhat due to resistor tolerances
   - Note any visible distortions in the output signals   - Note any visible distortions in the output signals
   - Remove the input signal and measure the DC bias voltages at the base, emitter, and collector, and verify that these are at their designed levels, allowing for resistor tolerances   - Remove the input signal and measure the DC bias voltages at the base, emitter, and collector, and verify that these are at their designed levels, allowing for resistor tolerances
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   - Remove the AC-coupling capacitor and bias resistors from the amplifier input and connect it to the output of the CE amplifier from the "Class A NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier" lab as shown in the schematic.  Note the change in the emitter-follower bias point{{ university:courses:engineering_discovery:lab_11_image_2.png?800 }}   - Remove the AC-coupling capacitor and bias resistors from the amplifier input and connect it to the output of the CE amplifier from the "Class A NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier" lab as shown in the schematic.  Note the change in the emitter-follower bias point{{ university:courses:engineering_discovery:lab_11_image_2.png?800 }}
   - Refer to the illustration below for one way to interconnect the two amplifiers on the solderless breadboard{{ university:courses:engineering_discovery:lab_11_assembly_image_2.png?1000 }}   - Refer to the illustration below for one way to interconnect the two amplifiers on the solderless breadboard{{ university:courses:engineering_discovery:lab_11_assembly_image_2.png?1000 }}
-  - Verify that the voltage across the 47 Ω load resistor is swinging +/- 1V about the 2.5 V bias voltage+  - Verify that the voltage across the 47 Ω load resistor is swinging +/- 0.5V about the 2.5 V bias voltage
   - Calculate the rms power dissipation in the load resistor   - Calculate the rms power dissipation in the load resistor
   - Estimate the voltage swing that would be present across the 47 Ω load resistor if it were driven by the CE stage alone, without the emitter-follower buffer in place   - Estimate the voltage swing that would be present across the 47 Ω load resistor if it were driven by the CE stage alone, without the emitter-follower buffer in place
university/courses/engineering_discovery/lab_11.txt · Last modified: 03 Jan 2018 19:38 by Doug Mercer