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| — | resources:eval:user-guides:ad9361 [15 Feb 2018 18:10] (current) – created Neil Wilson | ||
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| + | ====== AD9361, AD9364 and AD9363 ====== | ||
| + | The [[adi> | ||
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| + | The AD9361, AD9364 and AD9363 are all packaged in the same 10 mm × 10 mm, 144-ball chip scale package ball grid array (CSP_BGA), with a common footprint making transition from 1 x 1 channels to 2 x 2 channels very easy. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Block Diagram ===== | ||
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| + | {{: | ||
| + | ===== General Description ===== | ||
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| + | The AD9361 and AD9364 are a highly integrated radio frequency (RF) transceiver capable of being configured for a wide range of applications. The devices integrates all RF, mixed signal, and digital blocks necessary to provide all transceiver functions in a single device. Programmability allows this broadband transceiver to be adapted for use with multiple communication standards, including frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) systems. This programmability also allows the device to be interfaced to various baseband processors (BBPs) using a single 12-bit parallel data port, dual 12-bit parallel data ports, or a 12-bit low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) interface. The LVDS interface is used on the [[adi> | ||
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| + | The AD9361 and AD9364 also provide self-calibration and automatic gain control (AGC) systems to maintain a high performance level under varying temperatures and input signal conditions. In addition, the device includes several test modes that allow system designers to insert test tones and create internal loopback modes that can be used by designers to debug their designs during prototyping and optimize their radio configuration for a specific application. | ||
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| + | ===== Receive Chain ===== | ||
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| + | The receiver section contains all blocks necessary to receive RF signals and convert them to digital data that is usable by a BBP. There are two independently controlled channels that can receive signals from different sources, allowing the device to be used in multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) systems while sharing a common frequency synthesizer. | ||
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| + | Each channel has three inputs that can be multiplexed to the signal chain, making the AD9361 suitable for use in diversity systems with multiple antenna inputs. The receiver is a direct conversion system that contains a low noise amplifier (LNA), followed by matched in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) amplifiers, mixers, and band shaping filters that down convert received signals to baseband for digitization. External LNAs can also be interfaced to the device, allowing designers the flexibility to customize the receiver front end for their specific application. | ||
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| + | The AD9361 RX signal path passes downconverted signals (I and Q) to the baseband receiver section. The baseband RX signal path is composed of two programmable analog low-pass filters, a 12-bit ADC, and four stages of digital decimating filters. Each of the four decimating filters can be bypassed. The corner frequency for each low-pass filter is programmable. Note that both the I and Q paths are schematically identical to each other. | ||
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| + | Gain control is achieved by following a preprogrammed gain index map that distributes gain among the blocks for optimal performance at each level. This can be achieved by enabling the internal AGC in either fast or slow mode or by using manual gain control, allowing the BBP to make the gain adjustments as needed. Additionally, | ||
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| + | The receivers include 12-bit, sigma-delta (Σ-Δ) ADCs and adjustable sample rates that produce data streams from the received signals. The digitized signals can be conditioned further by a series of decimation filters and a fully programmable 128-tap FIR filter with additional decimation settings. The sample rate of each digital filter block is adjustable by changing decimation factors to produce the desired output data rate. | ||
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| + | ===== Transmit Chain ===== | ||
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| + | The transmitter section consists of two identical and independently controlled channels that provide all digital processing, mixed signal, and RF blocks necessary to implement a direct conversion system while sharing a common frequency synthesizer. | ||
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| + | The TX signal path receives 12-bit 2s complement data in I-Q format from the digital interface, and each channel (I and Q) passes this data through a fully programmable 128-tap FIR filter with interpolation options. The FIR output is sent to a series of additional interpolation filters that provide additional filtering and data rate interpolation prior to reaching the 12-bit DAC. The FIR filter, and of the three interpolating filters can individually be controlled and bypassed if desired. Each 12-bit DAC has an adjustable sampling rate. | ||
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| + | The DAC’s analog output is passed through two low pass filters (to remove sampling artifacts) prior to the RF mixer. The corner frequency for each low-pass filter is programmable. At this point, the I and Q signals are recombined and modulated on the carrier frequency for transmission to the output stage. The combined signal also passes through analog filters that provide additional band shaping, and then the signal is transmitted to the output amplifier. Each transmit channel provides a wide attenuation adjustment range with fine granularity to help designers optimize signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). | ||
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| + | Note that both the I and the Q paths are schematically identical to each other. | ||
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| + | Self-calibration circuitry is built into each transmit channel to provide automatic real-time adjustment. The transmitter block also provides a TX monitor block for each channel. This block monitors the transmitter output and routes it back through an unused receiver channel to the BBP for signal monitoring. The TX monitor blocks are available only in TDD mode operation while the receiver is idle. | ||
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| + | ===== Rx and Tx Filtering ===== | ||
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| + | In both the receive and transmit chains, there are : | ||
| + | * analog low pass filters either to removing sampling artifacts on the Tx side, or to band shaping to reduce [[wp> | ||
| + | * Digital interpolation/ | ||
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| + | No matter the implementation (analog or digital) these filters impact the magnitude and phase in the passband. This must be compensated somewhere in the system. It can easily be done (and therefor is normally done) inside the 128 tap FIR filter. The FIR filter is not only used to implement a low pass filter, but also to compensate for the magnitude and phase impacts the analog and digital half band filters create in the baseband area of interest. | ||
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| + | These filters depend on sample rates, clocks, and data rates (which sets the digital half band filters), and the RF bandwidth (which sets the analog filters). Loading a filter, and then changing anything in the system, will negatively affect overall baseband performance. | ||
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| + | This is why we have created an [[/ | ||
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| + | ===== Clock Options ===== | ||
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| + | The AD9361 uses fractional-n phase locked loops (PLLs) to generate the transmitter and receiver local oscillator (LO) frequencies as well as the oscillator (the baseband PLL) used for the data converters, digital filters, and I/O port. These PLLs all require a reference clock input, | ||
| + | * The first option is to connect an external oscillator or clock distribution device (such as the [[adi> | ||
| + | * The second option is to use a dedicated crystal ((AT cut fundamental mode of vibration with a load capacitance of 10pF)) with a frequency between 19 MHz and 50 MHz connected between the XTALP and XTALN pins. This is typically used in wireless user equipment (UE), which do not typically need to be locked to a master clock but they do need to adjust the LO frequency periodically to maintain connection with a basestation (BTS). The BTS occasionally informs the UE of its frequency error relative to the BTS, and the baseband processor can adjust the reference clock frequency and thus the LO frequency as needed. | ||
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| + | The DCXO tuning function can also be used with the on-chip temperature sensor to provide oscillator frequency temperature compensation during normal operation. | ||
resources/eval/user-guides/ad9361.txt · Last modified: 15 Feb 2018 18:10 by Neil Wilson