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This version (14 Jun 2022 14:10) was approved by Doug Mercer.The Previously approved version (17 Jan 2021 19:46) is available.Diff

Activity : Build CMOS Logic Functions Using CD4007 Array

Objective:

The objective of this lab activity is to build the various CMOS logic functions possible with the CD4007 transistor array. The CD4007 contains 3 complementary pairs of NMOS and PMOS transistors.

Notes:

As in all the ALM labs we use the following terminology when referring to the connections to the M1000 connector and configuring the hardware. The green shaded rectangles indicate connections to the M1000 analog I/O connector. The analog I/O channel pins are referred to as CA and CB. When configured to force voltage / measure current -V is added as in CA-V or when configured to force current / measure voltage -I is added as in CA-I. When a channel is configured in the high impedance mode to only measure voltage -H is added as CA-H.

Scope traces are similarly referred to by channel and voltage / current. Such as CA-V , CB-V for the voltage waveforms and CA-I , CB-I for the current waveforms.

Making inverters with the CD4007 transistor array

Below in figure 1 is the schematic and pinout for the CD4007:

Figure 1 CD4007 CMOS transistor array pinout

As many as three individual inverters can be built from one CD4007 package. The simplest first one to configure as shown below is by connecting pins 8 and 13 together as the inverter output. Pin 6 will be the input. Be sure to connect pin 14 VDD to power and pin 7 VSS to ground.

Figure 2 Three Inverters

The second Inverter is made by connecting pin 2 to VDD, pin 4 to VSS, pins 1 and 5 are connected together as the output and with pin 3 as the input. The third inverter is made by connecting pin 11 to VDD, pin 9 to VSS, pin 12 is the output and pin 10 is the input.

Characterizing The CMOS Inverter

There are a number of static (DC) performance characteristics of the CMOS inverter that are often specified and should be measured. In this section we will measure a number of them for the inverter but these same measurements can be made on other the types gates we will see in later sections of this activity. We will start with the static characteristics, threshold voltage, transition region width, output source and sink current.

Threshold voltage:

Generally the CMOS fabrication process is designed such that the threshold voltage, VTH, of the NMOS and PMOS devices are roughly equal i.e. complementary. The designer of the inverter then adjusts the width to length ratio, W/L, of the NMOS and PMOS devices such that their respective transconductance is also equal.

Directions:

On your solder-less breadboard build the first inverter shown in figure 2 to test the input to output switching characteristics of the CMOS inverter. The green boxes in figure 3 indicate the required connections to the connector on the ALM1000. Connect +5V power to VDD (pin 14) and ground to VSS (pin 7). Connect the output of the channel A voltage generator, CA-V to the inverter input (pin 6) and connect the inverter output (pins 8,13) to channel B scope CB-H.

Figure 3 Setup to measure input threshold and transition region

Hardware Setup:

Configure the channel A voltage generator for a 100 Hz triangle wave with 5V Max and 0 V Min. Both scope channels should be set to 0.5V/Div. Configure the scope in XY mode with trace CA-V on the horizontal axis and trace CB-V on the vertical axis.

Procedure:

First using scope channel B to measure the inverter output voltage vs. the input as the input is swept from 0 to 5V obtain a plot like the top curve in figure 4. Export the data to a .csv file and extract the width of the transition region and the threshold voltage at the input at the point where the output voltage is exactly 1/2 VDD.

Next remove the +5 V from pin 14 and replace it with channel B set to SVMI with a DC shape and a Max of 5 V. You may need to adjust the vertical scale of trace CB-I for an optimal view of the current waveform. Now obtain an XY plot of ID vs. the input as the input is swept from 0 to 5V. This should give you a plot much like the bottom curve in figure 4. Export the data to a .csv file and extract the peak current and the input and output voltages where the peak occurred.

Figure 4 Inverter output voltage and supply current curves vs. input voltage

The input to output transfer characteristic plots the output voltage VOUT versus the input voltage VIN. Notice that when the input voltage increase from 0V to 5V the output voltage decreases from 5V to 0V. The supply current characteristic plots the current flowing through the transistors between VDD and ground also versus the input voltage VIN. The fact that there are two parts of the characteristic curves when the input voltage is near ground and VDD, no current flows between VDD and ground, is very attractive because there is no power dissipation at this stages. This very fact is the reason that today nearly all digital circuitry is now build using CMOS technology.

The width of the transition region as a fraction of the power supply leads to a performance measure that is often referred to as the noise margin, the part of the input range where the output remains at a constant high or low level. Given that there is likely to be noise superimposed on the input signal it is desirable to have the output not respond to small changes in the input. A narrow transition region also potentially reduces the amount of time the output spends transitioning between states and thus the so called “shoot through” current when both the NMOS and PMOS transistors are partially turned on.

Making a CMOS Schmitt Trigger with the CD4007 transistor array

The input of the Schmitt trigger, as shown in figure 5, is tied to the gates of four stacked devices. The upper two are PMOS and the lower two are NMOS. Transistors M5 and M6 operate as source followers and introduce hysteresis by feeding back the output voltage, VOUT, to the two points in the stack midway between the two NMOS and two PMOS devices.

Figure 5 CMOS Schmitt trigger circuit

When VIN is at 0V, transistors M1 and M3 are on, and M2, M4 and M5 are off. Since VOUT is high, M6 is on and acts as a source follower, the drain of M2, which is also the source of M4, is at VDD - VTH. If the input voltage is ramped up to one threshold above ground transistor M2 begins to turn on, M2 and M6 both being on form a voltage divider network biasing the source of M4 at roughly half the supply. When the input is a threshold above 1/2 VDD, M4 begins to turn on and regenerative switching is about to take over. Any more voltage on the input causes VOUT to drop. When VOUT drops, the source of M6 follows its gate, which is VOUT, the influence of M6 in the voltage divider with M2 rapidly diminishes, bringing VOUT down further yet. Meanwhile M5 has started to turn on, its gate being brought low by the rapidly dropping VOUT. M5 turning on brings the source of M3 low and turns M3 off. With M3 off, VOUT will collapse all the way down to ground. The snapping action is due to greater than unity loop gain through the stack caused by positive feedback through the source follower transistors. When the input is brought low again a similar process occurs in the upper portion of the stack and the snapping action takes place when the lower threshold its reached.

Directions:

On your solder-less breadboard build the Schmitt trigger circuit shown in figure 5 to test the input to output switching characteristics as you did with the plain inverter.

Hardware Setup:

Configure the channel A voltage generator for a 100 Hz triangle wave with 5 V Max and 0 V Min. Both scope channels should be set to 0.5V/Div. Configure the scope in XY mode with trace CA-V on the horizontal axis and trace CB-H on the vertical axis.

Procedure:

Use scope channel B to measure the output voltage vs. the input as the input is swept from 0 to 5V obtain a plot like you did for the simple inverter. Export the data to a .csv file and extract the upper and lower threshold voltages and the width of the hysteresis region. Is the hysteresis region centered around 1/2 VDD?

Making a NAND / AND gate with the CD4007 transistor array

As shown in figure 6, one 2 input NAND gate and one inverter can be built from one CD4007 package. Configure the NAND gate as shown below by connecting pins 12 and 13 together as the NAND output. Pin 14 and pin 11 is connected to VDD for power and pin 7 VSS to ground. Pin 9 should be tied to pin 8 to complete N side of the NAND gate. Pin 6 will be the A input and pin 10 will be the B input.

Figure 6 2 input NAND and Inverter

The Inverter is made by connecting pin 2 to VDD, pin 4 to VSS, pins 1 and 5 are connected together as the output and with pin 3 as the input. An AND gate is made by connecting the output of the NAND at pins 12 and 13 to the inverter input at pin 3.

A single 3 input NAND gate can be made by using all 6 devices as shown in figure 7.

Directions:

Build both the 2 input and 3 input NAND gates and confirm their logic function by filling out a truth table for each. You can also measure the input threshold voltage for each input as you did for the simple inverter by connecting the unused input(s) to VDD.

Figure 7 3 input NAND gate

Making a NOR / OR gate with the CD4007 transistor array

As shown in figure 8, one 2 input NOR gate and one inverter can be built from one CD4007 package. Configure the NAND gate as shown below by connecting pins

Figure 8 2 input NOR and Inverter

A single 3 input NOR gate can be made by using all 6 devices as shown in figure 9.

Directions:

Build both the 2 input and 3 input NOR gates and confirm their logic function by filling out a truth table for each. You can also measure the input threshold voltage for each input as you did for the simple inverter by connecting the unused input(s) to ground.

Figure 9 3 input NOR gate

By combining the two input NOR gate and the inverter along with an RC delay element a monostable multivibrator or one-shot can be constructed as shown in figure 10.

Figure 10 NOR gate One-Shot

The width of the output pulse ? is determined by RT and CT according to the following formula:

Questions:

What happens if the trigger input is held high longer than ?? What happens if more than one trigger pulse is applied during ?? How would you modify the one-shot circuit in figure 10 to use a 2 input NAND gate in place of the NOR gate?

Making a SPDT Analog Switch with the CD4007 transistor array

In addition to an analog SPDT switch this configuration is often called a pass or transmission gate or 2 into 1 MUX (multiplexer). The configuration is shown in figure 11.

Figure 11 Single Pole Double Throw CMOS Switch

The on resistance, RON of a pass gate or switch is an important specification. Please refer to the Activity on CMOS analog switches to find the procedure to measure the resistance of the NMOS, PMOS and combined CMOS switches.

For Further Reading:

4000 Series Logic and Analog Circuitry
CMOS Logic
Noise Margin
Propagation Delay
Rise / Fall time
Schmitt Trigger
Transmission gate

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university/courses/alm1k/alm-lab-28.txt · Last modified: 14 Jun 2022 14:10 by Doug Mercer