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The AD9361 Filter Design Wizard is a small MATLAB App, which can be used to design transmitter and receiver FIR filters, which take into account the magnitude and phase response from other analog and digital stages in the filter chain. This tool provides not only a general purpose low pass filter designer, but also magnitude and phase equalization for other stages in the signal path.
With this wizard, users can perform the following tasks:
Here is a brief introduction on why everyone needs to, and how to use this tool.
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The source code of the no-OS software and the scripts can be downloaded from the Analog Devices github.
Hardware | Project | Carriers | Resource Utilization | Library Cores |
---|---|---|---|---|
AD-FMCOMMS2-EBZ | fmcomms2 | kc705 | fmcomms2_kc705 | axi_ad9361 |
AD-FMCOMMS3-EBZ | kcu105 | fmcomms2_kcu105 | axi_clkgen | |
AD-FMCOMMS4-EBZ | vc707 | fmcomms2_vc707 | axi_dmac | |
zc702 | fmcomms2_zc702 | axi_hdmi_tx | ||
zc706 | fmcomms2_zc706 | axi_i2s_adi | ||
zcu102 | fmcomms2_zcu102 | axi_spdif_tx | ||
zed | fmcomms2_zed | axi_sysid | ||
sysid_rom | ||||
util_clkdiv | ||||
util_cpack2 | ||||
util_i2c_mixer | ||||
util_rfifo | ||||
util_tdd_sync | ||||
util_upack2 |
Hardware | Project | Carriers | Resource Utilization | Library Cores |
---|---|---|---|---|
AD-FMCOMMS5-EBZ | fmcomms5 | zc702 | fmcomms5_zc702 | axi_ad9361 |
zc706 | fmcomms5_zc706 | axi_clkgen | ||
zcu102 | fmcomms5_zcu102 | axi_dmac | ||
axi_hdmi_tx | ||||
axi_spdif_tx | ||||
axi_sysid | ||||
sysid_rom | ||||
util_clkdiv | ||||
util_cpack2 | ||||
util_rfifo | ||||
util_upack2 |
Hardware | Project | Carriers | Resource Utilization | Library Cores |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARRadio | arradio | c5soc | NA | axi_ad9361 |
axi_dmac | ||||
axi_hdmi_tx | ||||
axi_sysid | ||||
sysid_rom | ||||
util_cpack2 | ||||
util_rfifo | ||||
util_upack2 |
The BOLD is what you should type. It's not too much more than Special Agent Oso's three special steps, and it also allows you to go for that specialty coffee you have been craving.
For different platforms you'll need different images. Currently we provide a single pre-build images, that can work on all the platforms we support.
Now, depending if you are using Linux or Windows, follow these instructions to write the file to your SD card.
PREREQUISITES
In order to run the wizard, your MATLAB license needs to include the following components:
In addition, in order to generate HDL, your MATLAB license needs to include the following component:
In order to get the wizard, please go to Analog Devices GitHub. Different releases of AD9361 Filter Design Wizard and their source files can be found here:
For more information about install and running MATLAB apps, please refer to: http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/creating_guis/install-and-run-app.html
If using a checkout or unpacked archive, the application can be run in one of two ways:
The Filter Design Wizard has been applied in the RF Blockset (formerly SimRF) models of AD9361, provided by MathWorks as a hardware support package. Download this version if to be used with the AD9361 RF Blockset (formerly SimRF) model:
To learn more about AD9361 modeling and to download the Tx and Rx models, the hardware support package can be found here:
Latest releases (goto this page to download the file):
The libiio library can be obtained on the Github page of the project.
Generally speaking, there are two ways you can use the design wizard:
In this section, we are going to elaborate on the first option - MATLAB App.
After you launch the MATLAB App, there shows a drop-down list in “Device Settings”, which includes the default parameter profiles for several widely used LTE applications. You can move the highlight bar to the one you would like to start with.
This table is stored in github.
LTE Specification | AD9361 settings | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LTE Bandwidth Set 1) | Occupied RF Bandwidth | Sample Rate | Sample Rate | FPASS | FSTOP | APASS | ASTOP |
MHz | MHz | MSPS | MSPS | MHz | MHz | dB | dB |
1.4 | 1.08 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.1 | 80 |
3 | 2.7 | 3.84 | 3.84 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 0.1 | 80 |
5 | 4.5 | 7.68 | 7.68 | 2.25 | 2.75 | 0.1 | 80 |
10 | 9 | 15.36 | 15.36 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 0.1 | 80 |
15 | 13.5 | 23.04 | 23.04 | 6.75 | 8.25 | 0.1 | 80 |
20 | 18 | 30.72 | 30.72 | 9 | 11 | 0.1 | 80 |
The LTE Release-8 physical layer specification actually supports 105 different bandwidth options (not just the 6 shown above). Occupied RF Bandwidth from between 1.08MHz to 19.8MHz with 180kHz steps complies with the spec, and while these filters can be designed (manually) they are not included as defaults.
In addition, you can also save your favorite parameter settings in this list, such as “foobar (Rx & Tx)” shown in the figure.
Assume that you choose the “LTE10 (Rx & Tx)” profile, after you click it, all the parameters are filled in automatically for you, as shown in the figure below. There are three categories of input parameters: magnitude specifications, frequency specifications, and AD936x clock settings. If you are satisfied with all the parameters, you can go ahead and click “Design Filter” to start the design.
As soon as the design process completes, you will see a magnitude plot displayed on the top half of the GUI, where the specified Fpass, Fstop, Apass and Astop are highlighted in the plot. The x-axis is from 0 to half of the data rate. Below it, on the right, you will see a “Filter Results” portion, where the actual Apass, Astop, the number of FIR taps and the pass band group delay variance are shown. From these numbers, you will get an idea whether the design meets the requirements quantitatively.
If you are interested in more details of the design performance, you can click the “FVTool” buttons left to “Filter Results” to launch the Filter Visualization Tool (fvtool) provided by The MathWorks. For your convenience, we provide this tool on two different frequency scales. One is from 0 Hz to half of the data rate, the other is from 0 Hz up to half of the converter rate.
If you are mainly interested in pass band, click the top button, it will open the following three figures:
If you are interested in the whole frequency band, click the bottom button, it will open the following figure:
For more information about the FVTool, please refer to: http://www.mathworks.com/help/signal/ref/fvtool.html
After the deeper analysis, if you are satisfied with the results and would like to save the designed FIR filter, there are several options you can choose from. These options are in the “Controls” portion on the upper left corner of the GUI.
When you click “Save to Workspace”, besides the filter object, there is also a data structure saved to workspace, which will initialize the SimRF model of FMCOMMS2. The data structure is named “FMCOMMS2_TX_Model_init” or “FMCOMMS2_RX_Model_init”.
For more information about the SimRF model of FMCOMMS2, please refer to: http://www.mathworks.com/hardware-support/analog-devices-rf-transceivers.html
You need to have designed both the Transmit and Receive filters before you can use the “Coefficients to ftr File” button. Otherwise, this button is grayed out.
After that, a window will pop up, asking you to specify the name and the location of the ftr file, as shown in the figure below.
If you plan to use the Filter Design Wizard with a zyqn-based platform, there are several options available that will facilitate this process. These options are in the “Target (Zynq Board)” portion of the GUI.
The functions introduced so far provide a basic infrastructure to design and observe the FIR filter. If you would like to have more control and functionality, you can turn on the “Advanced” option, as shown in the figure below, which provides you with several more advanced options.
After you click “Design Filter”, the phase equalization part of the FIR design file is executed, and you will get an updated FIR filter design. Comparing the group delay variance in the Results portion, it is decreased from 16.6 ns to 1.52 ns with phase equalization. Also note that when the design process completes, there is an updated target delay number (this number is 0 before phase equalization) shown in the “Filter Options” portion.
Please note the phase equalization process may take a few minutes, depending on the performance of your PC, since it tries to find a best target delay which yields the minimum group delay variance.
The icons shown on the toolbar below provide a shortcut to some frequently used functions.
From left to right, the first four icons are related to filter parameter settings:
The next four icons work on the magnitude response plot shown in the GUI:
In addition to MATLAB App, users can also employ the MATLAB functions to complete the filter design. What they need to do is to launch the MATLAB functions from the MATLAB command window by properly defining the input parameters in a MATLAB structure.
In MATLAB command window, the command is:
output = design_filter(input)
Please note this method is suitable for those users who have a clear idea about the parameter settings. For those who are not sure about the parameters, the MATLAB App is a better way to start with.
According to AD9361 Filter Guide, the TX signal path is as following:
The digital and analog paths are separated by DAC. Before DAC, there are four digital filters. The first one (PROG TX FIR) is a programmable poly-phase FIR filter, which can interpolate by a factor of 1, 2, or 4, or it can be bypassed if not needed. The others (HB1, HB2, HB3 and INT3) are all digital filters with fixed coefficients, and they can be turned on or turned off. After DAC, there are two low-pass analog filters.
According to the design requirements, the inputs and outputs of the MATLAB function are as following:
According to AD9361 Filter Guide, the RX signal path is as following:
The analog and digital paths are separated by ADC. Before ADC, there are two low-pass analog filters. After ADC, there are three digital filters with fixed coefficients (HB3/DEC3, HB2, HB1) followed by a programmable poly-phase FIR filter (PROG RX FIR). The FIR filter can be decimated by a factor of 1, 2, or 4, or it can be bypassed if not needed.
According to the design requirements, the inputs and outputs of the MATLAB function are as following:
In this section, we present the results for LTE-5 transmit signal path by using the MATLAB function. The input parameters are as following:
Therefore, in MATLAB command window, the command is:
output = design_filter(input)
After this command is executed, in the command window, you will see the two output parameters:
We can observe the independent filter, as well as the composite response by specifying the stage of the object. For example,
TFIR = txFilters.Stage(1); HB1 = txFilters.Stage(2).Stage(1);
If you are interested in the filter response of HB1, you can proceed to apply the fvtool on HB1,
hfvt1 = fvtool(HB1,... 'FrequencyRange','Specify freq. vector', ... 'FrequencyVector',linspace(0,122.88e6/2,2048),'Fs',122.88e6,... 'ShowReference','off','Color','White'); set(hfvt1, 'Color', [1 1 1]); set(hfvt1.CurrentAxes, 'YLim', [-100 1]); legend('HB1');
and you will get:
In this section, we will talk about the key steps in AD9361 filter design. Referring to this section, you will have a better understanding of the MATLAB design files. Later on, if you would like to implement your own design algorithm, you can edit the design files to incorporate your changes.
The AD9361 filter design file can be found here:
Based on the structure of Tx and Rx filters, in the design process, we first need to determine which half band digital filters should be included. We then design the programmable FIR filter and get its coefficients. In the end, we complete the design and return the whole filter chain in an object. Since both Tx and Rx designs follow a similar workflow, the following steps take the Tx side for example.
For the analog part, there is a third-order Butterworth low-pass filter and a single-pole low-pass filter on the Tx side. Both of them can be easily defined by the MATLAB function butter 3) .
[b1,a1] = butter(3,2*pi*wc,'s'); % 3rd order [b2,a2] = butter(1,2*pi*wreal,'s'); % 1st order
The digital filters with fixed coefficients can be easily defined by referring to the AD9361 filter guide. Since they are interpolation filters on transmit path, the coefficients declaration is followed by the mfilt.firinterp 4) function.
Take HB1 for example, the full-scale range for this filter is 2^13, and it has an interpolation factor of 2, so its coefficients are scaled by 2^(-14).
% Define the filters with fixed coefficients hb1 = 2^(-14)*[-53 0 313 0 -1155 0 4989 8192 4989 0 -1155 0 313 0 -53]; Hm1 = mfilt.firinterp(2,hb1);
If your MATLAB license includes Fixed-Point Designer, the Hm1 object can be further defined in a fixed point format, which is a better representation of the real hardware:
set(Hm1,'arithmetic','fixed'); Hm1.InputWordLength = 16; Hm1.InputFracLength = 14; Hm1.FilterInternals = 'SpecifyPrecision'; Hm1.OutputWordLength = 16; Hm1.OutputFracLength = 14; Hm1.CoeffWordLength = 16;
Since there are 4 digital half-band filters on the TX signal path, there are a finite number of interpolations they can provide. Therefore, the digital half-band filters are picked up according to the overall interpolation factor required by the user.
Ideally, when the whole filter chain is completed, it will have flat response of magnitude 1 on passband, and magnitude 0 on stopband, call it . Since in the previous step, we have already picked up the digital filters, we can get the filter response without TFIR, call it . Therefore, the required response of TFIR is:
.
On passband, the required response rg and the weight w is:
rg1 = freqz(Filter1,omega,Fdac).*analogresp('Tx',omega,Fdac,b1,a1,b2,a2); rg2 = exp(-1i*2*pi*omega*delay); rg = rg2./rg1; w = abs(rg1)/(dBinv(dBripple/2)-1);
For the analog filters, unlike digital filter, there is no “cascade” function to combine them and quickly calculate the composite response, so we made a helper function analogresp to calculate the overall response of the two analog filters and the converter. On the Tx side, the DAC is represented by a sinc function. While on the Rx side, the ADC is represented by a sinc^3 function.
https://github.com/analogdevicesinc/ad936x-filter-wizard/blob/master/analogresp.m
On stopband, the required response rg = 0 and the weight w is:
wg1 = abs(freqz(Filter1,omega(Gpass+2:end),Fdac).*analogresp('Tx',omega(Gpass+2:end),Fdac,b1,a1,b2,a2)); wg2 = (sqrt(FIR_interp)*wg1)/(dBinv(-dBstop)); wg3 = dBinv(dBstop_FIR); wg = max(wg2,wg3);
One other constraint about TFIR is the number of filter taps. In the AD9361 Filter Guide, it says “the number of taps is configurable between a minimum of 16 taps and a maximum of 128 taps in groups of 16”. Therefore, the following piece of code calculates the tap number N:
% Determine the number of taps for TFIR switch tfirint case 1 Nmax = 64; case 2 Nmax = 128; case 4 Nmax = 128; end N = min(16*floor((Fdac*DAC_mult)/(2*Fin)),Nmax);
Given the tap number N, the required response on passband and stopband (A1 and A2), as well as the corresponding weights (W1 and W2), we can now use fdesign.arbmag 5) function to design the TFIR filter. In the following piece, B=2, which means there are two bands in the design.
d = fdesign.arbmag('N,B,F,A',N-1,B,F1,A1,F2,A2); Hd = design(d,'equiripple','B1Weights',W1,'B2Weights',W2,'SystemObject',true);
The design of the TFIR is saved in the system object Hmd. In order to get the 16-bit filter coefficients, the following line is used:
tfirtaps = Hmd.Numerator.*(2^16);
fvtool opens FVTool and displays the magnitude response of the digital filter defined with the system object. Using FVTool you can display the phase response, group delay, impulse response, step response, pole-zero plot, and coefficients of the filter.
For example, the following piece of code use fvtool to display the TFIR filter we just designed in the previous step. Hmd is the corresponding system object:
fvtool(... Hmd,... 'FrequencyRange','Specify freq. vector', ... 'FrequencyVector',linspace(0,clkTFIR/2,2048),'Fs',... clkTFIR, ... 'ShowReference','off','Color','White','Legend','off');
The “dBstop_FIR” variable insures a ceiling where no matter how much rejection comes from external filters, the FIR filter is required to have a minimum rejection. To understand the reason for this, imagine that at some frequency we need 60dB of rejection and we have an external filter that gives us 75dB of rejection. If the FIR filter gave us 15dB of gain at that frequency, we would be meet the frequency response. However having gain in a stop band would cause the filter to resonate strongly at that frequency which would result in time domain problems such as very large coefficients and over-ranging of signals at that frequency. “dBstop_FIR” limits this concern.
Picking up a proper dBstop_FIR value is a very important step in designing the filter. Since it determines the weight values on stopband, different dBstop_FIR will result in very different filter responses. It is suggested to try different dBstop_FIR values and observe the time-domain coefficients (it is desired to have smooth coefficients) and frequency-domain responses (passband ripple & stopband attenuation) until you pick up a the one which shows the best combination of everything.
Generally speaking, dBstop_FIR plays a more important role in narrow bandwidth filter design than in wide bandwidth filter design. It can even be omitted when designing a filter with wide bandwidth.
If you have any questions about these scripts/tools, please ask on the EngineerZone. Help & Support.